What two branches of the chain of command do the President and Secretary of Defense exercise authority through?

The correct choice identifies the Operational Branch and the Administrative Branch as the two primary avenues through which the President and Secretary of Defense exercise their authority. The Operational Branch focuses on the actual command and control of military forces and operations, ensuring that tactical and strategic missions are executed effectively. This branch involves the planning and execution of military actions and is critical for addressing real-time threats and operational needs.

In contrast, the Administrative Branch pertains to the organization, training, and support aspects of military forces. This includes personnel management, logistics, and policy-making that ensure the military is prepared and equipped to execute its missions. The President and Secretary of Defense oversee both these branches to ensure that military operations are aligned with national defense objectives and that the armed forces are properly managed and supported.

Other options may reference branches that are either too vague or do not align with the identified structures of military command. For example, the Strategic Branch generally defines broader operational directives and long-term objectives but does not serve as a distinct channel for command like the Operational and Administrative branches do. Thus, the emphasis on the structured hierarchy that leads to decision-making and authority is accurately captured in the chosen answer.